partiyogita darpan page No 107

Indian Planning Scenerio and its Impact on Economy
—Dr. Umesh Agarwal
Planning refers to that process, where in, central planning authority keeping in view the
resources of the country, makes an attempt to control economic factors with a view to
achieving pre-determined objectives within a specified period of time. Our country has
adopted it from the year 1950-51 by way of formulating and implementing five year plans
for the purpose of rapid development in the country. In this regard, it is also a fact that
 among all developing democratic countries of the world, India was the first country that
had chosen the path of economic planning for its faster development soon after achieving
independence. Efforts were also made in this direction by some social activists and
thinkers in our country even before the independence. Sir M. Vishveshwarya, an eminent
 engineer and statesman, in his book, Planning Economy for India (1934), had for the
first time laid stress on scientific plan-ning for the economic re-construction of the
country. In his proposed model of planning, he had given top-priority to industrialization
in the country. In the year 1938, All India Congress appointed National Planning
Com-mittee under the chairmanship of late Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. With the establishment
of this committee, the idea of planning in India acquired special importance. National
Plan-ning Committee, in its report, attemp-ted a compromise between private sector and
socialism. In the year 1940, eight prominent industrialists of India prepared their own
plan, called Bombay Plan. The plan aimed at doubling per capital income in 15 years by
 making an outlay of i 10,000 crore. Almost at the same time, late Shri M. N. Roy, a
great social activist presented a plan, called—Peoples Plan. It envisages total
expenditure of Z 15,000 crore in 10 years to double the per capital income. This Plan
laid emphasis on the development of agriculture.
In the year 1944, Shrimana Narayan Agarwal, a social reformer, presented an another
 plan called Gandian Plan. It aimed at establish-ing decentralised economy, so that,
Indian villages may become self-sufficient. In the year 1944, Govern-ment of India set
up a Department of Planning and Development for the economic reconstruction of the
country in the post-war period. After independence in January, 1950, a great Sarvodya
leader, Shri Jai Prakash Narayan prepared a plan known as Sarvodaya Plan well before
Indian Government took decision to follow five year plan strategy. It aimed at economic
social, and political development of the country. In this regard, we remember the words
 of then Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, he gave on the eve of Independence Day,
i.e., August 14, 1947, Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time
comes when we shall redeem our pledge. The achievements we cele-brate today is a step,
an opening of the opportunity, to the great triumph and achievements that await us. On
this occasion, he also reminded the country that the tasks ahead included the ending of
poverty ignorance, dis-eases and inequality of opportunity. These were the basic
foundations on which India embarked upon its path of development after getting
Independence. Since independence, Indian Eco-nomy has been promised on the concept of
Planning. This has been carried out through the five year plans, formulated executed
and monitored by the Planning Com-mission. Actually, the objective of Indias development
 strategy has been to establish a socialistic pattern of society through economic growth
with self-reliance, social justice and alleviation of poverty. These objec-tives were to
be achieved within a democratic political framework using
the mechanism of a mixed economy, where both public and private sectors coexist.
Therefore, our country initia-ted planning process for national economic development with
the esta-blishment of the Planning Commis-sion. The Planning Commission was set-up by a
 resolution of the Govern-ment of India in March, 1950 in pursurance of declared
objectives of the government to promote a rapid upliftment in the standard of living of
the people by efficient utilization of the resources of the country, increas-ing
production and offering ohor-tunities to all for employment in the service of the
community. It is worth mentioning here that there is no mention regarding the
establishment, organisation and responsibilities of Planning Commission in our
consti-tution. Therefore, it is has no consti-tutional authority so far, while the
Planning Commission has been practically charged with the responsi-bility of making
periodic assessment of all xesources of the country, aug-menting deficient resources,
formu-lating plans for the most effective efficient, judicious, and balanced utilization
of resources and deter-mining priorities. The Prime Minister is the Ex-officio Chairperson
 of the Planning Commission, which works under the overall guidance of the National
 Development Council. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Chairperson of the Planning
Commission. The Deputy Chairperson and the full time members of the Commission, as a
composite body, provide advice and guidance to the Subject Divisions for the formulation
of Five Year Plans, Annual Plans, State Plans, Monitor-ing Plan Programmes, Projects and
 Schemes. The Commission has a nominated Deputy Chairperson, who holds the rank of the
Union Cabinet Minister. In a real sense, Deputy Chairperson holds the overall
responsibilities of the Commission.
PD/March/2015/92 A Journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.
1

All the full time members of the Planning Commission hold the rank of Union Minister of
State. Actually, Five Year Plans are centralized and integrated national economic
deve-lopment programmes. Among all the nations in the world, Joseph Stalin of Soviet
Union implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. Most
of the communist nations and several capitalist coun-tries subsequently have adopted them.
Our country launched its First Five Year Plan in the year 1951, immediately after
 independence under the socialist influence of our first Prime Minister Jahawaharlal Nehru.
 From a highest centralised planning system, Indian economy is gradually moving towards
indicative planning. Since April 1, 1992 (i.e., Eight Five Year Plan). National Development
 Council are establishment in August 1952, by an executive resolution of Govt. of India.
It is neither a constitutional body nor a statutory body, even then, it is a highest
 political forum below the Parliament, responsible for policy matters and formulaiton of
 a five year plan which consists of all the Chief Ministers of States, Administrators of
all Union Territories, Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson and all members of the Planning
Commission, various Central Cabinet Ministers, some of the advisors, experts and
secretaries of Central Government. On their approval, these reports are published in the
form of a document. On the basis of the preliminary studies undertaken by the groups and
discussions with the various interests, the commission presents the main features of the
plan under formula-tion in the form of a Draft Plan, which is discussed in detail by the
Central Cabinet and is placed again before the National Development Council. With the
approval of the Council, the draft plan is published for public consideration and
countrywide debate. The comments and sugges-tions on the draft plan offered by members of
Parliament and people from different walks of life are taken into consideration in the
preparation of the final document of the plan. This document, prepared by the Planning
Commission, outlines the objective, policies and programmes of the plan. Then, it is
submitted to the
National Development Council. With such modifications as the National Development Council
 might suggest, the document is presented to Parlia-ment for final approval. Each plan is
formulated to achieve the set objectives. In order to achieve these objectives, certain
activities are under-taken. Since inception, we have for-mulated and implemented eleven
five year plans and six annual plans (See Table-1). Twelfth Five Year Plan is under
implementation since April 1, 2012 and will continue till March, 31, 2017. Indias 1st
 Five Year Plan (1951-56) emphasised mainly on agricul-ture, including projects that
combined irrigation and power generation as a highest priority area. This first plan had
two-fold objectives. Firstly, it aimed at correcting the disequilibrium caused by the
Second World War (1939-45) and the partition of the country as a result of independence.
 Secondly, it proposed to initiate simultaneously a process of all round balanced
development which would ensure a rising national income and a steady improvement in
living standards over a period. In this plan, the investment pattern was worked out with
 due regard to the immediate objectives and the resources imme diately insight. The total
 planned budget of Z 1960 crores was allocated to seven broad areas like-Agriculture and
irrigation, power, industry, trans, port and communication, social ser-vices and other
sectors and services. This Plan was formulated on a growth model developed by English
econo-mist Roy F. Harrod and Russian—American economist—Evesy Domar, called as
Harrod-Domar Model. According to this model, growth depends on the policy to increase
 investment by increasing saving and using that investment more effici-ently through
technological advances. Therefore, the most important feature of this plan was the active
role of state by investing maximum amount in all the economic sectors. The target annual
growth rate of 2.1% was fixed but achieved growth rate was 3-6%. Many irrigation projects
 were initia-ted during this period, including the Bhakra Dam and Hirakud Dam. Community
Development Program-me was also launched in the year 1952 which yields very good results.
 
•-
At the end of the plan period, in the year 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology were
 started as major technical institutions. The University Grant Commission was also set up
 to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the
country. Contracts were also signed to start five heavy steel plants, which came into
exis-tence in the middle of the second five year plan. The plan was accepted by all the
 sections as a successful one. The 2nd Five Year Plan (1956-61) emphasised on
industrialisation of basic and heavy industries in the public sector and improvement
of the existing infrastructure. The plan also stressed on social goals, such as
dis-tribution of income and extension of the benefits of economic development to the
 large number of disadvantages people. The plan followed the Maha-lanobis model of
Development, an economic development nyt•del, deve-loped by the Indian
statistician—Mr. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis which emphasized the adoption of large
scale industrialisation program-mes in the country and a strategy of planning aimed at
relatively faster development of heavy capital goods and investment goods industries.
To determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to
maximize the long run economic growth. During this plan, several hydroelectric power
projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur and Rourkela etc. were also established.
 More railway lines were also added in the north eastern states. The Tata Institute of
Funda-mental Research was established as a premiere research institute during this plan
period. The total amount allocated under the second five year plan in India was Z 4672
crores. The target growth rate for this plan period was fixed at 4.5% per annum and the
growth rate achieved was 4-27%. In the year of 1956, Industrial Policy was also declared
 by the Govt. of India to boost the industrial sector. The 3rd Five Year Plan (1961-66)
aimed at a substantial rise in per capital income while expanding the industrial base and
 rectifying the scope of agriculture in the previous plan. In this plan, growth rate was
anticipated at 5.6% but achieved only 2.84% per annum. Actually, this plan
PD/March/2015/93 How you do one thing, is how you do everything. Be aware.

M;.
was a failure one because of several reasons. In the year 1962, China attacked on us and
war was fought. This Indo-China war exposed the weaknesses in our economy, there-fore, our
toes was shifted toward the defence industry and the Indian Army. In the 1965-66, India
fought a war with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in the year 1966-67. The war
and drought situation throughout the country, led to high inflation. Therefore the priority
 of the plan was shifted to the price stabiliz-ation. But, even after miserable economic
situation, the construction of our river dams was continued. Many cement and fertilizer
 plants were also established during this plan period & their production was also
 increased. In an effort to bring democracy to the grassroot level, Panchayat Elections
 were started during this plant period and the states were given more development
 responsibilities through Panchayats. The outlay of this Plan was approxi-mately double
the size of the earlier Plan, i.e., Z 8577 crores. But due to miserable failure of this
 plan, our Government was forced to declare plan holidays from the year 1967 to the year
 1969. Three annual plans were formulated during this inter-vening period and very low
growth rate could be achieved. Due to our low average growth rate during these first three
 five year plans and three annual plants, Western Economists termed this period as Hindu
 Growth Rate Period as our criticism. The 4th Five Year Plan (1969-74) called for a
 24% increase over the third plan in real terms of public development expenditure. The
public investment accounted for 60% of plan expenditures and foreign aid contri-buted
13% of public outlay and financing. Agriculture, including irri-gation, received 23% of
public outlay, rest was mostly spent on electric power, industry and transportation.
 Although, the plan projected growth rate at 5.7% a year, and realized one was only 3-3%.
 The actual expendi-ture under the fourth plan was Z 15,779 crore as against the plan
outlay of Z 15,900 crore. The highest allocation as earlier was kept for the transport
and communication sector with 3,080 crore, i.e., 19-5.per cent of total expenditure.
The second highest
_ ._______ _  • _ _
allocation under this plan went to power sector with its share of Z 9,293 crores, i.e.,
18-6%. At this time, Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India. As a major step,
 her Govern-ment nationalised 14 major Indian banks in the year 1969. During this period,
 Green Revolution was initiated in India which advanced our agriculture sector in a broad
 way. The Total Public investment of this plan was Z 15,779 crore while target growth rate
 for this plan was fixed at 5.7% but the growth rate of 3.3% per annum was achieved. The
5th Five Year Plan (1974-79) was drafted in late 1973 when com-modities prices in India
were rising rapidly. The plan was subsequently approved in the late 1976 but was
terminated at the year 1978 instead of 1979 because the new Janata Party Government rose
to power and had different priorities and programmes. The fifth five year plan proposed a
 public sector outlay of Z 37,250 crore whereas the actual expenditure was rose
to Z 39,426 crore. The highest priority in this plan was accorded to the industry sector.
 As a result of the energy crisis that emerged in the country toward the end of the fourth
plan, but due to a steep rise in petroleum prices effected by the Oil and Petroleum
Exporting Countries, our government decided to pay more attention to the power sector in
fifth five year plan period. The Electricity Supply Act was also amended in the year 1975,
 which enabled the Central Government to enter into power generation and transmission
 sector. The Indian National Highway System was also introduced during this plan and many
roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. The Fifth Five Year Plan laid
stress on the employment, poverty alleviation and social justice. The plan also focussed
on self reliance in agricultural production and defence production at high rate of growth,
 better distribution of income and significant growth in the domestic rate of savings were
 seen as key instruments. As mentioned earlier that the Janta Party Government rejected
the fifth five year plan and discounted it in year 1978 instead of 1979. They also
introduced a new sixth five year plan (1978-1983) which was referred to as a Rolling Plan.
 
This plan was again rejected by the Congress Government which again came to power in year
1979. In the year 1980, a new sixth plan (1980-85) was made.
The 6th Five Year Plan (1980-85) marked the beginning of economic liberalization. Price
 controls were eliminated in a broadway. This led to an increase in the food prices and
an increase in the cost of living. Actually, this was the end of Nehruvian Socialism. In
this plan, a total of Z 1,10,467 crore was spent to achieve the high economic growth rate.
 The sixth five year plan was a great success to the Indian economy, though, during the
last year of the plan i.e., in 1984-85, many part of the country faced servers famine
con-ditions and agricultural output was less than the record output of the pre-vious year.
 However, this plan could be taken as a successful one. The target growth rate was fixed
5.2% per annum but the actual growthirate was achieved at 5.7% per annum. The 7th Five Year
 Plan (1985-90) laid stress on improving the pro-ductivity level of industries by
upgrading of technology. The objec-tives of the seventh five-year plan were to establish
growth by increas-ing economic productivity, produc-tion of foodgrains and generating
employment at mass scale. The thrust areas of the this plan were the social justice,
removal of oppression of the weiker groups using modern tech-nology, agricultural
development, anti-poverty programmes, vast supply of food, clothing and shelter,
increasing productivity of small and large scale farmers and making India an independent
 economy. Based on a fifteen year period of striving towards steady growth, this plan was
focussed on achieving the prerequi-sites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The
plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected
to grow at the rate of 4% per year. Under this plan period, India strove to bring about a
self-sustained eco-nomy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary
 agen-cies and the general populace. Total public sector investment of this plan was
Z 2,18,750 crore. The target growth rate for this plan was 5.0% and the actual growth
rate was achieved 6% per annum.
PD/March/2015/94 Uncertainty is the only certainty there is, and knowing how to live with
 insecurity is the only security.


A
Different Five Year Plans : Investment, Growth and Priorities
Five Year Plan and S.No. Plan Period Public Sector Investment (in crore Z) Target of
Growth Rate (in % per annum) Achievement (in % per annum) Highest Priority Area/Focus 1.
 1st Plan (1951-56) 1,960 21 3.61 Bosting Agriculture and Irrigation 2.I 2nd Plan
(1956-61) 4,672 4.5 4.27 Repid Industrialization 3. 3rd Plan (1961-66) 8,577 5.6 2-84
Self Reliant and Self Generating Economy 4rh Plan (1969-74) 15,779 5.7 3.30 Growth with
Stability 5th Plan (1974-79) 39,426 4.4 4.80 Removal of Poverty and Growth with Social
Justice 6th Plan (1980-85) 1,10,467 5.2 5.7 Increase in National Income 7th Plan (1985-90)
 2,18,730 5.0 6.0 Rapid Growth in Food Grain Production 8th Plan (1992-97)
 4,34,100 5.6 6.8 Human Resource Development 9th Plan (1997-02) 8,59,200 6.5 5.4 Growth
 with Social Justice and Equality 10. 10th Plan (2002-07) 15,25,639 8.0 7-5 Ensure Equity
 with Social, Justice 11. 11th Plan (2007-12) 36,44,718 9.0 8-3 Repid and Inclusive Growth
 12. 12th Plan (2012-17) 76,69,807 8.0 Continued Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive
Growth
Source : Economic Survey 2012-13 and various five year plans, Planning Commission Govt. of
India, New Delhi.
The 8th Five Year Plan was implemented in the country between 1992-97. Prior to this
 period, the years of 1989-91 were a period of economic instability in India and hence no
 five-year plan was formulated between 1990 and 1992. There were only two annual plans
formulated and implemented during this period. Actually, in the year 1991, India faced a
crisis of foreign exchange reserves, left with reserves of only about US $ 1 billion.
Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. Then
Prime Minister, P.V. Narasimha Rao was also the Head of the Congress Party. He led one of
 the most efficient administrations in Indias modern history, overseeing a major economic
 transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time.
Dr. Manmohan Singh who led the country as Prime Minister for ten years (2004-2013), as
 Finance Minister launched Indias free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt
nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of privatization, globali-zation and
liberalization era in India. During the eight plan period, moder-anization of industries
 was a major challenge. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian eco-nomy was
also undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India
became a member of the World Trade Organi-
PD/March/2015/95
sation on January 1, 1995. This plan was said to be based on Rao-Manmohan Singh Model
of Deve-lopment. The major objectives of this plan were included the controlling of
population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening infrastructure,
 tourism management, and human resource development. Energy was given the top priority
with 26.6% of the total outlay of the plan. An average annual growth rate of 6.8% was
achieved against the target of 5-6%. The 9th Five Year Plan (1997-2002) came after
50 years of Indias Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a leader National Democratic
Alliance was the Prime Minister of India during this plan period. The Special Action Plans
 covered the various areas related to the social infra-structure, agriculture, information
 technology and water resources. This Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of
8,59,200 crore and saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expendi-ture and 33% in terms of
the plan outlay in comparison of the previous plan. The prime focus of this plan was to
increase economic growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity.
This Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented politics with the
mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards

If opportunity doesnt knock, build a door.
the improvement of the p4ors in the country. The ninth five year plan achieved a growth
rate of 5.4% against a target rate of 6.5% per annum. The main aim of the 10th Five Year
Plan (2002-07) was to make the Indian economy-the faster growing economy in a world, with
a growth target of 8% per annum. It wanted to bring in investor-friendly market reforms
and create a friendly environment for growth. It sought Active participation by the
private sector and increased foreign direct investment in the financial sector. In this
 plan, an emphasis was laid on corporate transparency and impro-ving the infrastructure.
 It sought to reduce poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by the end of this plan.
Providing gainful high quality employment to the labour force was targeted over the tenth
 plan period. Universal access to primary education by the year 2007 was also targeted in
this plan. Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to
16.2% and Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period was fixed. Actual public
 sector expenditure in this plan amounted to 15,25,639 crore. Largest expenditure of as
much as 27.0 per cent was made in the social services sector followed by energy sector at
22-5%. Expendi-ture on transport and communication sector was fixed at 21.4% per cent.
The agricultural sector accounted



for 13-3 per cent of the total plan expenditure. Industry and minerals got only
40 per cent of plan resour-ces. The growth rate achieved in the tenth plan period at
 7.5 per cent per annum was close to the target of 8.0 per cent. The 11th Five Year Plan
(2007-12) emphasized Faster and more inclusive growth while the target of economic
growth was kept as high as 9 per cent annum which may yield broad based benefits and
ensure. equality of opportunity to all. This broad vision of the eleventh plan included
 several inter-related com-ponents, such as rapid growth that reduces poverty and creates
 employ-ment opportunities, access to essen-tial services in health and education
especially for the poor, equality of opportunity, empowerment through education and skill
development, employment opportunities under-pinned by the National Rural Employment
 Guarantee scheme, environmental sustainability, womens empowerment and good governance.
 Its strategy for inclusive growth was not just a conventional strategy to which some
elements aimed to inclusion had been added. On the contrary, it was a strategy which aimed
at achieving a particular type of growth process which could meet the objectives of
inclusiveness and sustainability. This strategy was based on sound macro-economic policies
which establish the macro-economics precondition for rapid growth and support the key
drivers of this growth. To achieve its objec-tives, some sector specific policies were
pronounced to ensure that the structure of growth is generated and the institutional
environment in which it occurs, achieves the objective of inclusiveness in all its many
dimensions. With its strategy of faster and inclusive growth, the eleventh plan identified
 27 monitorable targets at the national level of which 13 can be desegregated at the level
 of individual states. These 27 monito-rable targets at the national level were divided
into 6 main categories like income and poverty, education, health, women and children,
 infra-structure and the environment. During this plan period, the growth rate was
achieved at 8.3 per cent per annum against the target of 9%.
Progress in Various Development Indicators during 1st to 11th Plan Period
S.No.
Indicators
At the beginning of 1st Plan
At the end of 11th Plan
1. 2. 3. 4. Population (in crore) Birth Rate (per 1000) Death Rate (per 1000) Life
Expectancy (at birth in years) 3•61 39.9 27.4 32.1 121.0 21.8 7.1 66.1 (i) For
 Male 32.5 64.6 (ii) For Female 37.7 67.6 Literacy Rate (in %) 18-3 74.1 (i) For
Male 27.2 82.1 (ii) For Femaile 8.9 65.5 6. Doctors (per 10,000 population) 1.7 7.6 7.
 Gross National Income (in crore Z) 9,995 82,76,665 8. Annual Growth Rate of Income
(in %) 5-7 15.2 9. Gross Domestic Product (in crore Z) 2,79,618 52,43,582 10. Five Year
Plan Outlay (in crore Z) 1,960 76,69,807 11. Foodgrain Production (in million tonnes)
 50.8 527-4 12. Steel Production (in crore Z) 010 82.8 13. Electricity Generated
(in billion kwh) 05.0 877 14. Export (in crore Z) 606 14,65,959 15. Import (in crore ?)
 608 23,45,463 16. Foreign Exchange Reserves (in crore Z) 911 13,A,954 17. Per Capita
 Income (in crore ?) At Current Price 3,678 60,603 18. Per Annum Growth Rate (in %) 1-2
6-2
Source : Economic Survey 2012-13 and various five year plans, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

Planning Commission
The 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17) aims to achieve faster, sustainable and more inclusive
growth. In this regard, the twelfth plan document states that inclusive growth should
result in lower incidence of poverty, broad-based and significant improve-ment in health
outcomes, universal access for children to school, increased access to higher education
 and improve standards of education, including skill development. It should also be
reflected in better opportu-nities for both wage employment and livelihood, and
improvement in the provision of basic amenities like water, electricity, roads, sanitation
and housing. The growth rate for the entire plan period has been fixed at 8 per cent per
annum by the Planning Commission. In this regard, the Planning Commission has also
indicated recently that due to the present global economic scenario, it may not be
feasible to achieve 8 per cent growth during the current financial year. There is a need
to plan for a gradual build up to high growth in the next years accelerating further.
Thereafter to take the economy back towards 9 per cent growth in the last three years of
 the plan as first two
years of the 12th Plan, Indias eco-nomy grew by about 5 per cent, the slowest in a
decade. The Commission has also expected that the economy will bounce back to the higher
 growth trajectory and on the whole, the target of 8 per cent annual average growth rate
 during the 12th Plan period may be difficult but not impossible to achieve. To achieve
this growth rate, public sector outlay is fixed as 76,69,807 crore, which is the highest
 till ever. Deputy Chairman of Plan-ning Commission has announced recently that the
Planning Com-mission will conduct the mid-term review of the twelfth Five Year Plan by
the end of 2014, for which the preparatory work has started already. Actually, the
objectives of twelfth plan are ambitious and achieving them will be difficult. Therefore,
 this is a national challenge that the entire political and intellectual leadership of
 our country must come to grips with. It is a challenge for newly elected Central
Government and also for state governments to achieve the proposed growth during the
twelfth plan period.
 

partiyogita darpan

partiyogita darpan buy

partiyogita darpan buy now

partiyogita darpan buy now online

partiyogita darpan subscribe